Pathological insights into camel mastitis.

Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social prestige and prosperity. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk because of its exceptional nutritional properties. Udder infections are considered one of the main limitations to camel farming. In recent decades, the disease has been reported by numerous camel-producing countries in Africa and Asia, such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The current review provides an overview of the forms of camel mastitis, which can be clinical mastitis characterized by hardening and swelling of the breast, pain on palpation, and visible changes in the colour and texture of the milk or subclinical mastitis refers to the presence of inflammation with no obvious signs and it can be detected by indirect tests such as the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC), and microbiological examination. Major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors for camel mastitis, this study provides an overview of the most important risk factors such as severe tick infestation, teat injuries, hygienic milking protocols, and physiological disorders causing mastitis. The use of indirect tests and bacteriological studies as diagnostic tools and their values for detecting camel mastitis will also be reviewed. Based on the above, further epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are needed to have solid scientific data on disease transmission, pathogen characterization, other possible risk factors or diagnostic methods, and the impact of the disease on public health. Proper control strategies should be adopted through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding potential risk factors to get good quality milk from camels.

Association between bacterial strain type and host biomarkers in Clostridium perfringens infected goats.

The study project was designed to determine the effects of Clostridium perfringens type D infection on hematological and biochemical parameters in goats. Purposive blood samples were collected from 6 healthy and 12 diseased goats positive for C. perfringens infection. Neither the animals nor their mother were vaccinated against Clostridium perfringens from whom samples were obtained. Study was carried out in two different topographic areas; hilly (district Swat) and plain (district Mardan) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) statistical difference was recorded between the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens infected goats. Mean erythrocytes count (RBC) and hemoglobin level decreased significantly (P < 0.05) while the white blood cells (WBC) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in diseased animals compared to the healthy animals. However non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in packet cell volume (PCV) and platelets count in healthy and diseased animals. According to biochemical analysis, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in liver enzymes, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, blood urea and glucose was recorded in diseased goats. . The results demonstrated that fluctuation in most of the mean hematological values remained within the normal range however the mean liver enzymes, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, blood urea and glucose levels gone beyond the normal levels which demonstrated severe damages to liver and kidneys.